What is Narcissism? Understanding Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

Narcissism is one of those psychological terms that tends to be overused, especially in the media. Narcissism refers to behaviors and personality traits that involve an inflated sense of self-importance, a deep need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others. People with narcissistic tendencies may seem confident on the surface, but they may often struggle with low self-esteem.

It is estimated that approximately 1.6% of US adults live with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), and it is more common in men compared to women. Other clinical research studies have shown that the prevalence of Narcissistic Personality Disorder may range from 1% to 17%.

When narcissistic traits are severe and long-lasting, they may met the criteria for Narcissistic Personality Disorder.

What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)?

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is one of several personality disorders recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). It affects the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves, often creating challenges in relationships, work, and daily life.

To be diagnosed with Narcissistic Personality Disorder, a person may consistently:

• Have an exaggerated sense of self-importance.
• Expect constant praise and admiration.
• Believe that they are superior to others.
• Take advantage of others to get what they want.
• Struggle to recognize or care about others’ feelings.
• Become angry or upset when criticized.
• Have difficulty managing emotions or stress.
• Harbor feelings of insecurity despite appearing confident.

Common signs and symptoms of narcissism

While only a mental health professional can diagnose Narcissistic Personality Disorder, here are some common signs of narcissistic behavior:

• Grandiosity: Believing they are better or more important than others.
• Entitlement: Expecting special treatment or favors.
• Manipulation: Using others to meet their own needs.
• Lack of empathy: Struggling to connect with or care about others’ feelings.
• Envy: Feeling jealous of others or believing others are jealous of them.
• Arrogance: Acting superior or dismissive toward others.
• Hypersensitivity to criticism: Reacting strongly to any perceived slight.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder is also frequently comorbid, or associated with, other disorders including substance abuse disorders, bipolar disorder, and other personality disorders.

What causes narcissism?

There isn’t a single cause of narcissism or Narcissistic Personality Disorder. It’s believed to develop through a combination of factors including:

• Early childhood experiences: Excessive praise, extreme criticism, or neglect can play a role.
• Environment: Growing up in an environment focused on achievement and status.
• Genetics: There may be a hereditary link to certain personality traits.
• Neurobiology: Differences in brain function could contribute to Narcissistic Personality Disorder.

Some individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder have special gifts or talents and become used to associating their self-image with the admiration and esteem of others.

How narcissism impacts relationships

Narcissism can make maintaining healthy relationships challenging. People with narcissistic traits may:

• Prioritize their own needs over their partner’s needs.
• Struggle with emotional intimacy or empathy.
• Become defensive or aggressive when confronted.
• Create cycles of conflict in both their personal and professional relationships.

For friends, family members, or partners of someone with narcissistic tendencies, setting boundaries and seeking support are key to protecting your own mental health. If you believe that you or someone you know has been a victim of emotional abuse, we strongly encourage you to get help.

Treatment for Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Though Narcissistic Personality Disorder can be difficult to treat, therapy can help individuals:

• Build self-awareness.
• Learn to manage emotions.
• Develop healthier relationships.
• Improve coping strategies.

Common therapeutic approaches include:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps challenge negative thought patterns and behaviors.
• Psychodynamic therapy: Explores past experiences and emotions to foster understanding.

While change can be gradual, treatment can help people with Narcissistic Personality Disorder lead more fulfilling lives and improve their relationships.

How to cope if you know someone with narcissistic traits

If someone in your life shows signs of narcissism, it’s important to:

• Set clear boundaries.
• Practice self-care.
• Seek support from trusted friends or mental health professionals.
• Avoid taking their behavior personally.

When to seek help

Whether you’re struggling with narcissistic traits yourself or you’re navigating a relationship with someone who is, reaching out to a licensed therapist can make a difference. Therapy provides a safe space to explore these challenges and build healthier ways of relating to yourself and others.

Support is available

At Great Lakes Psychology Group, our network of compassionate therapists are here to help you better understand personality disorders and guide you toward lasting emotional well-being. Find a therapist near you today.